Analyzing the effect of public private partnership mode on sewage treatment in China.

The public-private partnership (PPP) mode is one of the main ways to promote environmental governance through marketization in the sewage treatment industry. This mode is crucial for environmental protection and livelihood improvement. In order to investigate the impact of PPP mode on sewage treatment, the influence of financial development and the government-business relationship on the effectiveness of sewage treatment under PPP mode, and the role of government in this context, an empirical model is established. To achieve this, data from 284 prefecture-level and above cities in China from 2009 to 2017 has been selected as research samples. The total amount of regional sewage treatment PPP projects is used as the proxy variable for participation in the PPP mode. The findings reveal that the PPP mode of sewage treatment effectively reduces the intensity and amount of sewage discharge. Moreover, the results indicate that a higher level of financial development and a more perfect financial system are associated with better sewage treatment effects under the PPP mode. Similarly, a more harmonious government-business relationship and a higher health index of this relationship correspond to improved sewage treatment effects under the PPP mode. The government should actively enhance government transparency, formulate appropriate corporate taxes and fees, clarify the responsibilities and obligations of the government and enterprises, and optimize the business environment in order to optimize the sewage treatment effect of the PPP mode.

Rapid discrimination of four Salmonella enterica serovars: A performance comparison between benchtop and handheld Raman spectrometers.

Foodborne illnesses, particularly those caused by Salmonella enterica with its extensive array of over 2600 serovars, present a significant public health challenge. Therefore, prompt and precise identification of S. enterica serovars is essential for clinical relevance, which facilitates the understanding of S. enterica transmission routes and the determination of outbreak sources. Classical serotyping methods via molecular subtyping and genomic markers currently suffer from various limitations, such as labour intensiveness, time consumption, etc. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop new diagnostic techniques. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a non-invasive diagnostic technique that can generate Raman spectra, based on which rapid and accurate discrimination of bacterial pathogens could be achieved. To generate SERS spectra, a Raman spectrometer is needed to detect and collect signals, which are divided into two types: the expensive benchtop spectrometer and the inexpensive handheld spectrometer. In this study, we compared the performance of two Raman spectrometers to discriminate four closely associated S. enterica serovars, that is, S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar dublin, enteritidis, typhi and typhimurium. Six machine learning algorithms were applied to analyse these SERS spectra. The support vector machine (SVM) model showed the highest accuracy for both handheld (99.97%) and benchtop (99.38%) Raman spectrometers. This study demonstrated that handheld Raman spectrometers achieved similar prediction accuracy as benchtop spectrometers when combined with machine learning models, providing an effective solution for rapid, accurate and cost-effective identification of closely associated S. enterica serovars.

Ratiometric Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probe Monitors Ferroptosis in HCC Cells by Imaging HClO in Mitochondria.

Hypochlorous acid (HClO) is a typical endogenous ROS produced mainly in mitochondria, and it has strong oxidative properties. Abnormal HClO levels lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, strongly associated with various diseases. It has been shown that HClO shows traces of overexpression in cells of both ferroptosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Therefore, visualization of HClO levels during ferroptosis of HCC is important to explore its physiological and pathological roles. So far, there has been no report on the visualization of HClO in ferroptosis of HCC. Thus, we present a ratiometric near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe Mito-Rh-S which visualized for the first time the fluctuation of HClO in mitochondria during ferroptosis of HCC. Mito-Rh-S has an ultrafast response rate (2 s) and large emission shift (115 nm). Mito-Rh-S was constructed based on the PET sensing mechanism and thus has a high signal-to-noise ratio. The cell experiments of Mito-Rh-S demonstrated that Fe2+- and erastin-induced ferroptosis in HepG2 cells resulted in elevated levels of mitochondrial HClO and that high concentration levels of Fe2+ and erastin cause severe mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress and had the potential to kill HepG2 cells. By regulating the erastin concentration, erastin induction time, and treatment of the ferroptosis model, Mito-Rh-S can accurately detect the fluctuation of mitochondrial HClO levels during ferroptosis in HCC.

Can digital economy compensate the effect of aging on total factor productivity?

In China, the number of senior citizens has grown, along with the burden of old age, and aging has hampered economic growth. The advent of the digital age has led to the emergence of the digital economy as a new engine for economic growth. This paper uses DEA-Malmquist index model to measure the total factor productivity growth rate of 31 provinces in China from 2011 to 2021, and uses the moderating effects model to empirically investigate the relationship between the digital economy, aging and total factor productivity, and to verify whether the development of the digital economy can mitigate the negative impact of aging on total factor productivity. The results show that aging inhibits total factor productivity growth, and the digital economy can promote total factor productivity growth. Digital economy can alleviate the negative impact of aging on total factor productivity growth, and has a moderating effect. Digital economy plays a moderating role by improving the level of human capital and facilitating technological progress. The regional heterogeneity analysis shows that the moderating effect of the digital economy exists in the eastern and western regions and the southern region, but not in the central region and the northern region. Furthermore, the digital economy has a moderating effect on both the high and low aging groups. The research in this paper not only helps to evaluate the productivity effects of the digital economy, but also has important implications for finding ways to mitigate the negative effects of aging.

M2-Type Macrophages and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Combine to Promote Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases.

Purpose: This research explored the association between CD163-labeled M2-type macrophages and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of 38 colorectal cancer (CRC) liver metastases. In addition, we investigated the correlation differences between M2-type macrophages and CAFs in the tumor microenvironments of 38 primary colorectal cancer patients with confirmed liver metastases and 946 colorectal cancer patients, as well as possible mechanisms of action between the two cells. Methods: The Immunohistochemistry (IHC) method was applied to detect the expression levels of M2-type macrophages and CAFs in the tissues of 984 cases of CRC and to analyze the correlation between M2-type macrophages and CAFs in colorectal cancer tissues. The IHC method was also applied to detect the expression levels of M2-type macrophages and CAFs in the liver metastases of 38 cases of CRC in the experimental group and to analyze the correlation between the two cells in liver metastases. Results: 1. M2-type macrophages and CAFs expression were significantly higher in 38 primary colorectal cancer patients compared to 946 controls, and the expression of M2-type macrophages was significantly positively correlated with CAFs. 2. In 984 CRC cases, M2-type macrophages and CAFs expression levels were significantly higher in the cancer tissues than in the paired paracancerous tissues. 3. The expression levels of M2-type macrophages and CAFs in primary colorectal cancer were significantly higher in the experimental group than in colorectal cancer tissues without distant metastasis. Conclusion: M2-type macrophages and CAFs are involved in the development of the colorectal cancer tumor microenvironment, and their interaction influences the initiation and progression of liver metastasis in colorectal cancer. It may provide new clinical ideas for early diagnosis of CRC liver metastases and searching for immune targets.

Case report: A 17-year-old male with primary pulmonary osteosarcoma.

Primary pulmonary osteosarcoma is one of the extraskeletal osteosarcomas originating from the lung with an extremely low incidence and highly invasive potential. Here we report a case of primary pulmonary osteosarcoma treated in our hospital with a literature review. The patient, a 17-year-old male, had a cough and hemoptysis for 20 days. Computed tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography (PET)/CT were performed in our hospital. According to pathological examination after surgery, the tumor was diagnosed as a high-grade sarcoma with remarkable osteogenesis and necrosis. Based on radiological and histological examinations, a diagnosis of primary pulmonary osteosarcoma originating was considered. The patient underwent surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy. This patient has been under consecutive follow-up for nearly 8 years, showing no signs of recurrence or distant metastasis. Primary pulmonary osteosarcoma is a rare lung malignancy that shows rapid progression, nonspecific symptoms and inapparent signs at an early stage. The diagnosis of primary pulmonary osteosarcoma highly relies on imaging and histological examinations, among which chest CT is the predominant method to check this disease.

How mesenchymal stem cells transform into adipocytes: Overview of the current understanding of adipogenic differentiation.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are stem/progenitor cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation into osteoblasts, chondrocytes and adipocytes. The transformation of multipotent MSCs to adipocytes mainly involves two subsequent steps from MSCs to preadipocytes and further preadipocytes into adipocytes, in which the process MSCs are precisely controlled to commit to the adipogenic lineage and then mature into adipocytes. Previous studies have shown that the master transcription factors C/enhancer-binding protein alpha and peroxisome proliferation activator receptor gamma play vital roles in adipogenesis. However, the mechanism underlying the adipogenic differentiation of MSCs is not fully understood. Here, the current knowledge of adipogenic differentiation in MSCs is reviewed, focusing on signaling pathways, noncoding RNAs and epigenetic effects on DNA methylation and acetylation during MSC differentiation. Finally, the relationship between maladipogenic differentiation and diseases is briefly discussed. We hope that this review can broaden and deepen our understanding of how MSCs turn into adipocytes.

USP15 promotes the progression of papillary thyroid cancer by regulating HMGB1 stability through its deubiquitination.

Purpose: Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) stands as one of the most prevalent types of thyroid cancers, characterized by a propensity for in-situ recurrence and distant metastasis. The high mobility group protein (HMGB1), a conserved nuclear protein, plays a pivotal role in carcinogenesis by stimulating tumor cell growth and migration. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism driving aberrant HMGB1 expression in PTC necessitates further elucidation. Materials and methods: Our study unraveled the impact of low and overexpression of USP15 on the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of PTC cells. Through a comprehensive array of molecular techniques, we uncovered the intricate relationship between HMGB1 and USP15 in the progression of PTC. Results: In this study, we identified USP15, a deubiquitinase in the ubiquitin-specific proteases family, as a true deubiquitylase of HMGB1 in PTC. USP15 was shown to interact with HMGB1 in a deubiquitination activity-dependent manner, deubiquitinating and stabilizing HMGB1. USP15 depletion significantly decreased PTC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. In addition, the effects induced by USP15 depletion could be rescued by further HMGB1 overexpression. But when HMGB1 is knocked down, even overexpression of USP15 could not promote the progression of PTC cells. Conclusion: In essence, our discoveries shed light on the previously uncharted catalytic role of USP15 as a deubiquitinating enzyme targeting HMGB1, offering a promising avenue for potential therapeutic interventions in the management of PTC.

Surface heterojunction based on n-type low-dimensional perovskite film for highly efficient perovskite tandem solar cells.

Enhancing the quality of junctions is crucial for optimizing carrier extraction and suppressing recombination in semiconductor devices. In recent years, metal halide perovskite has emerged as the most promising next-generation material for optoelectronic devices. However, the construction of high-quality perovskite junctions, as well as characterization and understanding of their carrier polarity and density, remains a challenge. In this study, using combined electrical and spectroscopic characterization techniques, we investigate the doping characteristics of perovskite films by remote molecules, which is corroborated by our theoretical simulations indicating Schottky defects consisting of double ions as effective charge dopants. Through a post-treatment process involving a combination of biammonium and monoammonium molecules, we create a surface layer of n-type low-dimensional perovskite. This surface layer forms a heterojunction with the underlying 3D perovskite film, resulting in a favorable doping profile that enhances carrier extraction. The fabricated device exhibits an outstanding open-circuit voltage (VOC) up to 1.34 V and achieves a certified efficiency of 19.31% for single-junction wide-bandgap (1.77 eV) perovskite solar cells, together with significantly enhanced operational stability, thanks to the improved separation of carriers. Furthermore, we demonstrate the potential of this wide-bandgap device by achieving a certified efficiency of 27.04% and a VOC of 2.12 V in a perovskite/perovskite tandem solar cell configuration.

Molecular Determinant Underlying Selective Coupling of Primary G-Protein by Class A GPCRs.

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) transmit downstream signals predominantly via G-protein pathways. However, the conformational basis of selective coupling of primary G-protein remains elusive. Histamine receptors H2R and H3R couple with Gs- or Gi-proteins respectively. Here, three cryo-EM structures of H2R-Gs and H3R-Gi complexes are presented at a global resolution of 2.6-2.7 Å. These structures reveal the unique binding pose for endogenous histamine in H3R, wherein the amino group interacts with E2065.46 of H3R instead of the conserved D1143.32 of other aminergic receptors. Furthermore, comparative analysis of the H2R-Gs and H3R-Gi complexes reveals that the structural geometry of TM5/TM6 determines the primary G-protein selectivity in histamine receptors. Machine learning (ML)-based structuromic profiling and functional analysis of class A GPCR-G-protein complexes illustrate that TM5 length, TM5 tilt, and TM6 outward movement are key determinants of the Gs and Gi/o selectivity among the whole Class A family. Collectively, the findings uncover the common structural geometry within class A GPCRs that determines the primary Gs- and Gi/o-coupling selectivity.

Engineering lauric acid-based nanodrug delivery systems for restoring chemosensitivity and improving biocompatibility of 5-FU and OxPt against Fn-associated colorectal tumor.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) occurs in the colorectum and ranks second in the global incidence of all cancers, accounting for one of the highest mortalities. Although the combination chemotherapy regimen of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and platinum(IV) oxaliplatin prodrug (OxPt) is an effective strategy for CRC treatment in clinical practice, chemotherapy resistance caused by tumor-resided Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) could result in treatment failure. To enhance the efficacy and improve the biocompatibility of combination chemotherapy, we developed an antibacterial-based nanodrug delivery system for Fn-associated CRC treatment. A tumor microenvironment-activated nanomedicine 5-FU-LA@PPL was constructed by the self-assembly of chemotherapeutic drug derivatives 5-FU-LA and polymeric drug carrier PPL. PPL is prepared by conjugating lauric acid (LA) and OxPt to hyperbranched polyglycidyl ether. In principle, LA is used to selectively combat Fn, inhibit autophagy in CRC cells, restore chemosensitivity of 5-FU as well as OxPt, and consequently enhance the combination chemotherapy effects for Fn-associated drug-resistant colorectal tumor. Both in vitro and in vivo studies exhibited that the tailored nanomedicine possessed efficient antibacterial and anti-tumor activities with improved biocompatibility and reduced non-specific toxicity. Hence, this novel anti-tumor strategy has great potential in the combination chemotherapy of CRC, which suggests a clinically relevant valuable option for bacteria-associated drug-resistant cancers.

Continuous microalgal culture module and method of culturing microalgae containing macular pigment.

This study established and investigated continuous macular pigment (MP) production with a lutein (L):zeaxanthin (Z) ratio of 4-5:1 by an MP-rich Chlorella sp. CN6 mutant strain in a continuous microalgal culture module. Chlorella sp. CN6 was cultured in a four-stage module for 10 days. The microalgal culture volume increased to 200 L in the first stage (6 days). Biomass productivity increased to 0.931 g/L/day with continuous indoor white light irradiation during the second stage (3 days). MP content effectively increased to 8.29 mg/g upon continuous, indoor white light and blue light-emitting diode irradiation in the third stage (1 day), and the microalgal biomass and MP concentrations were 8.88 g/L and 73.6 mg/L in the fourth stage, respectively. Using a two-step MP extraction process, 80 % of the MP was recovered with a high purity of 93 %, and its L:Z ratio was 4-5:1.

Low noise near-concentric optical cavity design.

Near-concentric cavities are excellent tools for enhancing an atom-light interaction as they combine a small mode volume with a large optical access for atom manipulation. However, they are sensitive to longitudinal and transverse misalignments. To address this sensitivity, we present a compact near-concentric optical cavity system with a residual cavity length variation δLC,rms = 0.36(2) Å. A key part of this system is a cage-like tensegrity mirror support structure that allows us to correct for longitudinal and transverse misalignments. The system is stable enough to allow the use of mirrors with a higher cavity finesse to enhance the atom-light coupling strength in cavity-QED applications.

Metabolic disorders in prediabetes: From mechanisms to therapeutic management.

Diabetes, one of the world's top ten diseases, is known for its high mortality and complication rates and low cure rate. Prediabetes precedes the onset of diabetes, during which effective treatment can reduce diabetes risk. Prediabetes risk factors include high-calorie and high-fat diets, sedentary lifestyles, and stress. Consequences may include considerable damage to vital organs, including the retina, liver, and kidneys. Interventions for treating prediabetes include a healthy lifestyle diet and pharmacological treatments. However, while these options are effective in the short term, they may fail due to the difficulty of long-term implementation. Medications may also be used to treat prediabetes. This review examines prediabetic treatments, particularly metformin, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, vitamin D, and herbal medicines. Given the remarkable impact of prediabetes on the progression of diabetes mellitus, it is crucial to intervene promptly and effectively to regulate prediabetes. However, the current body of research on prediabetes is limited, and there is considerable confusion surrounding clinically relevant medications. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the pathogenesis of pre-diabetes mellitus and its associated therapeutic drugs. The ultimate goal is to facilitate the clinical utilization of medications and achieve efficient and timely control of diabetes mellitus.

Assessing the Feasibility of Simplifying the Scanning Protocol for Spinal Metastases With Vertebral Compression Fractures Using Only the Dixon T2-Weighted Sequence.

OBJECTIVE: Conventional imaging protocols, including sagittal T1-weighted imaging (T1WI) and water-only T2-weighted imaging (T2WI), are time consuming when screening for spinal metastases with vertebral compression fractures (VCFs). In this study, we aimed to assess the accuracy of using only the Dixon T2-weighted sequence in the diagnosis of spinal metastases with VCFs to determine its suitability as a simplified protocol for this task. METHODS: This retrospective study included 27 patients diagnosed with spinal metastases and VCFs. Qualitative analysis was performed separately by two musculoskeletal radiologists, who independently performed diagnostic evaluations of each vertebra using both conventional and simplified protocols. McNemar's test was then used to compare the differences in diagnostic results, and Cohen's kappa coefficient was used to assess interobserver and interprotocol agreement. Diagnostic performance values for both protocols, including sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve, were then determined based on the reference standard. Quantitative image analysis was performed randomly for 30 metastases on T1WI and fat-only T2WI to measure the signal intensity, signal-to-noise ratio, and contrast-to-noise ratio. RESULTS: The diagnosis of VCFs by both radiologists was in full agreement with the reference standard. The classification of spinal metastases and diagnostic performance values determined by both radiologists were not significantly different between the two protocols (all P > 0.05), and the consistency between observers and protocols was excellent (κ = 0.973-0.991). The contrast-to-noise ratio of fat-only T2WI was significantly higher than that of T1WI (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The Dixon T2-weighted sequence alone performed well in diagnosing spinal metastases with VCFs, performing no worse than the conventional protocol (T1WI and water-only T2WI). This suggests that the Dixon T2-weighted sequence alone can serve as a simplified protocol for the diagnosis of spinal metastases with VCFs, thereby avoiding the need for more intricate scanning procedures.

[Analysis of 141 cases with benign upper airway occupying in infant].

Objective:To analyze and summarize the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of benign upper airway space occupancy in infants. Methods:The clinical data of 141 cases with begin upper airway space from January 2012 to January 2022 were analyzed. Among them, 101 were male and 68 were female, the age is 0-3 years old. In which there were 24 newborns. The clinical characteristics, auxiliary examination and treatment results were summarized and analyzed. Results:The main clinical manifestations of 141 infants were dyspnea and/or laryngeal wheezing, including 116 cases of congenital cyst of tongue, 15 cases of hair polyps, 4 cases of nasopharyngeal second pharyngeal fissure cysts, 2 cases of congenital laryngeal cysts, 2 cases of pharyngeal bronchial cyst, 1 case of nasopharyngeal teratoma and 1 case of myofibroma. All the infants had completed the corresponding examination and treatment. The diagnosis was clear, and there was no missed diagnosis or misdiagnosis. Among them, 19 infants with congenital cyst of tongue were given cyst puncture to relieve dyspnea. 2 cases of congenital cyst of tongue recurred half a year after operaion, and then they underwent reoperation. The prognosis of the remaining infants were good. Conclusion:The most common occupying of benign upper airway space occupancy is cyst, and low-temperature plasma resection under endoscope is the main treatment method. Timely puncture therapy is also a safe and effective treatment for infants who are dyspnea and life threatening.

Establishment and characterization of a golden pompano (Trachinotus blochii) fin cell line for applications in marine fish pathogen immunology.

Pompano fishes have been widely farmed worldwide. As a representative commercial marine species of the Carangidae family, the golden pompano (Trachinotus blochii) has gained significant popularity in China and worldwide. However, because of rapid growth and high-density aquaculture, the golden pompano has become seriously threatened by various diseases. Cell lines are the most cost-effective resource for in vitro studies and are widely used for physiological and pathological research owing to their accessibility and convenience. In this study, we established a novel immortal cell line, GPF (Golden pompano fin cells). GPF has been passaged over 69 generations for 10 months. The morphology, adhesion and extension processes of GPF were evaluated using light and electron microscopy. GPF cells were passaged every 3 days with L-15 containing 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS) at 1:3. The optimum conditions for GPF growth were 28 °C and a 20% FBS concentration. DNA sequencing of 18S rRNA and mitochondrial 16S rRNA confirmed that GPF was derived from the golden pompano. Chromosomal analysis revealed that the number pattern of GPF was 48 chromosomes. Transfection experiments demonstrated that GPF could be utilized to express foreign genes. Furthermore, heavy metals (Cd, Cu, and Fe) exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity against GPF. After polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) treatment, transcription of the retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptor (RLR) pathway genes, including mda5, mita, tbk1, irf3, and irf7 increased, inducing the expression of interferon (IFN) and anti-viral proteins in GPF cells. In addition, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation up-regulated the expression of inflammation-related factors, including myd88, irak1, nfκb, il1ß, il6, and cxcl10 expression. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the immune response signaling pathways of the golden pompano using an established fin cell line. In this study, we describe a preliminary investigation of the GPF cell line immune response to poly I:C and LPS, and provide a more rapid and efficient experimental material for research on marine fish immunology.

Corrigendum: ITGB5 promotes innate radiation resistance in pancreatic adenocarcinoma by promoting DNA damage repair and the MEK/ERK signaling pathway.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.887068.].

Correlation Between Impaired Sensitivity to Thyroid Hormones and Serum Uric Acid in Female Patients with Obesity and After Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy.

OBJECTIVE: An alterable risk factor for hyperuricemia is obesity. Additionally, obese persons may have a moderate form of acquired resistance to thyroid hormones. Thyrotropin (TSH), thyroid hormones, and obesity all interact subtly. However, the connection between thyroid hormone sensitivity and hyperuricaemia in obese patients both before and after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) has not yet been clarified. The objective of our study was to investigate the connection between impaired thyroid hormone sensitivity and elevated uric acid (UA) levels before and after LSG. METHODS: In total, 1,054 euthyroid patients with obesity (481 males, 573 females), 248 (143 females) of whom underwent subsequent LSG, were enrolled in this retrospective study. Anthropometric measurements and thyroid hormone and UA levels were taken before and 3 months after LSG. RESULTS: Female patients with obesity with impaired sensitivity to thyroid hormones had higher UA levels (P for trend < 0.01). The odds ratio of the fourth versus first quartile of TFQI, TSHI, and TT4RI were 4.285 [confidence interval (CI): 1.360-13.507], 3.700 [CI: 1.276-10.729], and 2.839 [CI: 1.014-7.948], respectively, with robust relationships with female hyperuricemia (all P < 0.05). However, there was only a positive correlation between the decline in UA levels and TFQI, TSHI, and TT4RI in females following LSG. CONCLUSION: Female hyperuricemia is correlated with higher thyroid hormone resistance index scores. Resistance to thyroid hormones was greatly improved by LSG. The decrease in UA levels after surgery is correlated with the improvement of thyroid hormone resistance after LSG.

The role of gut microorganisms and metabolites in intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke: a comprehensive review.

Intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke, characterized by acute hemorrhage in the brain, has a significant clinical prevalence and poses a substantial threat to individuals' well-being and productivity. Recent research has elucidated the role of gut microorganisms and their metabolites in influencing brain function through the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA). This article provides a comprehensive review of the current literature on the common metabolites, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), produced by gut microbiota. These metabolites have demonstrated the potential to traverse the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and directly impact brain tissue. Additionally, these compounds have the potential to modulate the parasympathetic nervous system, thereby facilitating the release of pertinent substances, impeding the buildup of inflammatory agents within the brain, and manifesting anti-inflammatory properties. Furthermore, this scholarly analysis delves into the existing dearth of investigations concerning the influence of gut microorganisms and their metabolites on cerebral functions, while also highlighting prospective avenues for future research.